Equal Time FCC Broadcasting Rules and Regulations

The Museum of Broadcast History calls the equal time rule the closest thing in broadcast content regulation to the golden rule. This provision of the 1934 Communications Act (section 315) requires radio and television stations and cable systems which originate their own programming to treat legally qualified political candidates equally when it comes to selling or giving away air time. If any licensee shall permit any person who is a legally qualified candidate for any political office to use a broadcasting station, he shall afford equal opportunities to all other such candidates for that office in the use of such broadcasting station. Legally qualified means, in part, that a person be a declared candidate. Timing of the announcement that someone is running for office is important because it triggers the equal time rule. For example, in December 1967, President Lyndon Johnson (D-TX) conducted an hour-long interview with all three networks. However, when Democrat Eugene McCarthy demanded equal time, the networks rejected his appeal because Johnson had not declared he would run for reelection. Four Exemptions In 1959, Congress amended the Communications Act after the FCC ruled that Chicago broadcasters had to give equal time to mayoral candidate Lar Daly; the incumbent mayor was then Richard Daley. In response, Congress created four exemptions to the equal time rule: regularly scheduled newscastsnews interviews showsdocumentaries (unless the documentary is about a candidate)on-the-spot news events How has the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) interpreted these exemptions? First, Presidential news conferences are considered on-the-spot news even when the President is touting his reelection. Presidential debates are also considered on-the-spot news. Thus, candidates not included in the debates do not have the right of equal time. The precedent was set in 1960 when Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy launched the first series of television debates; Congress suspended Section 315 so that third party candidates could be barred from participating. In 1984, the DC District Court ruled that radio and television stations may sponsor political debates without giving equal time to candidates they dont invite. The case was brought by the League of Women Voters, which criticized the decision: It expands the all-too-powerful role of the broadcasters in elections, which is both dangerous and unwise. Second, whats a news interview program or a regularly scheduled newscast? According to a 2000 election guide, the FCC has expanded its category of broadcast programs exempted from political access requirements to include entertainment shows that provide news or current event coverage as regularly scheduled segments of the program. And the FCC concurs, providing examples that include The Phil Donahue Show, Good Morning America and, believe it or not, Howard Stern, Jerry Springer, and Politically Incorrect. Third, broadcasters faced a quirk in when Ronald Reagan was running for president. Had they shown movies starring Reagan, they would have been required to offer equal time to Mr. Reagans opponents. This admonition was repeated when Arnold Schwarzenegger ran for governor of California. Had Fred Thompson achieved the Republican Presidential nomination, re-runs of Law Order would have been on hiatus. [Note: The news interview exemption above meant that Stern could interview Schwarzenegger and not have to interview any of the other 134 candidates for governor.] Political Ads A television or radio station cannot censor a campaign ad. But the broadcaster is not required to give free air time to a candidate unless it has given free air time to a different candidate. Since 1971, television and radio stations have been required to make a reasonable amount of time available to candidates for federal office. And they must offer those ads at the rate offered the most favored advertiser. This rule is the result of a challenge from then-President Jimmy Carter (D-GA in 1980. His campaign request to buy ads was rejected by the networks for being too early. Both the FCC and the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Carter. This rule is now known as the reasonable access rule. Fairness Doctrine The Equal Time rule should not be confused with the Fairness Doctrine.

Emily Dickinson s Because I Could Not Stop For Death

Outlook on Death in Dickinson’s â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† Death is considered by many to be the heartbreaking end of life; the moment when one is bound to hopelessness, to accept loss, and to accept the inevitable. As discouraging as this outlook on death may appear, it is captivating why Emily Dickinson preferred to make death one among the major themes of her poems. Because numerous poets of the 19th century wrote about death, Dickinson was not exceptional in picking this idea. However, she was exceptional when it was about how she wrote about death. Dickinson concentrated on Eternity and the â€Å"hereafter† part of death; she was positive and considered death as pleasant rather than as a dreadful end. Her pleasant outlook†¦show more content†¦Emily Dickinson in â€Å"Because I could Not Stop for Death† requires the phases of existence to consist of death and infinity. She refers to the unified features of the determinate and never-ending. From the perspective of infinity, Dickinson remembers happenings that took place periods ago, but so as to associate the infinite world to earthly standards, Emily Dickinson expresses that infinity elapse indeterminate time: â€Å"Since then—tis’ Centuries—and yet / Feels shorter than the Day† (21-22). Furthermore, she portrays death as a compassionate and courteous gentleman, and therefore does away with the terror from death. The integration of the physical universe with the superior one is noted in these lines: â€Å"The Dews drew quivering and chill- / for only Gossamer, my Gown- / My Tippet – only Tulle-† (14-16). Here, the poet’s earthly life, which lets her shudder as she relaxed by the ‘dews’, rages with the heavenly world, as the poet is clothed in a ‘gown’ and a cape (‘Tippet’) fabricated from ‘gossamer’, a spider web, and ‘Tulle’, some type of threadlike, open mesh temporal wrappers that indicate apparent, divine qualities. By remembering the various phases of existence on earth, the poet is in a position to reconcile her times on earth and perceive all these aspects from a superior consciousness, in both literal and figurative terms. Literal in that the wagon is going up to heaven; at that, the actual sight of the earth is unique, as noted in

Different Between Vietnam and Us Free Essays

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VIETNAM AND THE U. S I am an immigrant person who came to the U. S under family sponsorship. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Between Vietnam and Us or any similar topic only for you Order Now Living here for 4 years, I have learned a lot of interesting things in this country. There are so many differences between Vietnam and the U. S as relationship, weather, religion, fashion, language†¦. but the most three obvious differences between them are country size, education system and culture. Country size is a great difference between these countries. Vietnam is very small country that has S shape . It is bother to the North by China and to the East by Lao and Cambodia. The total land of Vietnam is only 127,276 square miles . it is lightly larger than New Mexico stare of America. On another hand, the United States is the third largest country in the world, which has 3,536,274 square miles. It is located in North America between Canada and Mexico. Another difference is education system between these countries. Vietnamese students face with more difficult than U. S students. They have to wear uniform going to school. They should obey and show respect to their teachers. Tuition in Vietnam is very high. Parents have to pay for their children. Government doesn’t help for poor people attending school. In the contract, the U. S education system is more comfortable. Students can wear whatever they want to school. In class ,they can say what they think in their mind, discuss equally with their teacher. Government pays all tuition for students form fist grate to the twelve grade . After graduating form college , they have more opportunities to get a job . Today more people around the world come to the U. S to have better education The last obvious difference between Vietnam and The U. S is culture. Vietnam’s culture is suffered form China. There are two to there generations living together in the same house. Man is leader in the family, which has more power. They go out working and doing business while woman in Vietnam stay home, take care family. Children must listen to their parents. Unmarried people living together is unacceptable . However, American culture is pposite and it was strange to me when I came here . Man and woman are equally. American families are smaller. Adult people like to move out living with their friends when they finish high school . Children can decide what they want to do . They are independent from their parents . Man and woman can live together without getting married In conclusion, Vietnam and the U. S have a lot of differences. I cannot tell which one is better because each country has advances and disadvances. It depend on each person’s life so they can choose where is the best for them . How to cite Different Between Vietnam and Us, Essay examples

A piece of my heart (book) Essay Example For Students

A piece of my heart (book) Essay The other Vietnam VetsEverybody knows about the men who served in Vietnam. They have at least heard of the mentally trying conditions during the war and the resulting post traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) so many veterans suffered from, or heard of the issues concerning negative public opinion of veterans for their role in a hated war. However, few are aware of the female role in the Vietnam War; women, the other veterans, shared in all of these problems and issues along with the gun-toting men. They were the nurses, and in A Piece of My Heart by Keith Walker the stories of many women are presented to better understand just how the Vietnam War affected women. Working in places like evacuation hospitals exposed women to the endless flow of casualties from the battlefield, and these experiences took major mental tolls upon the minds of the women who had to assist them, especially in their considerations for the value of human life. Women experienced other problems upon returning home s uch as the same PTSD and outlashes by anti-war protesters. Women were veterans of Vietnam just like the men, and they experienced many of the same problems as a result of their role there. Women were exposed to an enormous amount of pain while in Vietnam. As veteran Rose Sandecki said, The Vietnam War really did a number on all of us, the women as well as the men (20). Nurses in Vietnam were exposed to a nonstop flow of casualties from the field. The landing of a Chinook with mass casualties on board had become a standard to Christine Schneider, a nurse in Da Nang. Practically every nurse’s story described the hospital scenes in Vietnam as busy. Jill Mishkel explained that she experienced a minimum of at least one death per day. As Ms. Schneider described, There was just too much death (46). Ms. Schneider also mentioned, Everybody was bad (45); nurses only saw the bad because they were surrounded by it, day in and day out. Charlotte Miller described everything as on a very negative basis (324), and that she had to deal with these problems from twelve to fifteen hours per day, twelve to fifteen days in a row, a very rigorous schedule. Further emotional damage was incurred by the severity of the injuries that the nurses had to deal with. Nurses described situations such as little boys with their intestines hanging out, men with half their faces blown off, men missing their legs from a grenade explosion, paraplegics, quadriplegics, and in one case pulling someone’s shoe off and having the foot come with it. In addition, the soldiers they were treating were only eighteen or nineteen. As Ms. Mishkel said, They were young, healthy, good-looking men that could’ve been my brothers or my boyfriends or my husband, and they were dying (124). Women in the Vietnam War had a lot of trying emotional stress that they had to deal with. All of these emotional traumas that women had to experience day after day had a notable impact upon the women’s moral concept of the value of human life. Ms. Miller mad a very interesting statement, saying, I am a professional committed to the concept that before anyone can administer to the health needs of an individual, one must recognize the dignity of human life (322). One could believe that upon first being sent to Vietnam, nurses, being Americans, had a profound respect for the value of human life. Nurses such as Sara McVicker had a hard time accepting that we couldn’t keep everybody alive and bring everybody back (144). In the early days of her service, Ms. Mishkel said that she cried often, and that she thought the other nurses were totally insensitive (124). However, after day after day of experiences like Ms. McVicker’s, where there just simply weren’t the resources necessary to tend to everybody, where cases with low chances of survival had to b e dropped to make room for others; Ms. Mishkel soon became as apathetic as everybody else. Many nurses, such as Ms. Sandecki, put up an emotional wall around them; forcing themselves to care less. As Pat Johnson said, I don’t think I’ve ever taken life as lightly as I did then (64). The emotional stress was so great in Vietnam that often nurses lost their concept of the value of human life, a result of having to numb their emotions to cope with the pains they were subjected to. .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38 , .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38 .postImageUrl , .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38 , .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38:hover , .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38:visited , .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38:active { border:0!important; } .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38:active , .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38 .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc49547a3a5404125c58575af923f3e38:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Love In Midsummer Nights Dream EssayWomen’s problems were not over upon returning to the states; women veterans continued to experience a variety of problems of treatment, in relationships, in the workplace, and emotionally. Problems began for women as soon as they left the compound they worked on. A number of nurses felt a degree of guilt in leaving the busy hospitals. As Ms. McVicker said, I felt bad about it; it was almost like I was deserting them (145). Upon arrival other nurses experienced antagonism from the American people; one nurse was denied passage on her plane home because her clothes were bloody, while another was greeted by anti-war protesters throwin g tomatoes. In addition, many women suffered from PTSD just as men did. For instance many like Ms. Johnson had trouble talking about the war because it was just too painful (65). Others, like Ms. Mishkel and Sandra Collingwood, experienced social problems and couldn’t get involved in any relationships upon returning. Ms. Sandecki had problems maintaining a job because of a continued apathetic tendency upon returning from Vietnam; Nothing meant anything when I came back from Vietnam (18). On the other hand, many women do claim to have grown mentally in Vietnam, like Georgeanne Andreason who learned not to take things for granted as a result of Vietnam. Never-the-less, the emotional consequences were still harsh for most leaving scars that would last for many years after the war. Women had much to say about the Vietnam War, on how it was being fought and mistakes that were made by the United States. For the most part, the women in A Piece of My Heart did not attack the US for being involved in Vietnam, through some like airline attendant Micki Voisard did have some general doubts about the necessity of the killing that went on there. Most of the women who did attack the US complained of how the US was operating in South-East Asia, not the fact that they were there. For example, a really important point made by Ms. Schneider which is shared by many people was that she was tired of hearing soldiers say time and time again that they could win, but they were told to go only so far (50). She was saying that the US wasn’t winning in Vietnam because its own government wasn’t letting it. After losing the war, many felt just like Ms. McVicker in that they felt that they had fought for nothing. These people were very upset with the government for just pul ling out, and with the South Vietnamese who had simply given up all the land America had fought so dearly for without a fight. However, probably the most intriguing observations of all were made by Sandra Collingwood, a civilian volunteer who wanted to work with the Vietnamese from their own point of view. She, unlike most, identified with the Vietnamese rather than the Americans through her knowledge of the Vietnamese language and farming culture. Because of this camaraderie with the locals, she got to see the American mistakes through the eyes of an Asian. For example, she heavily criticized the actions of the military. She called attention to the embarrassing calls GIs made at local women which alienated them; the fun games of GIs to grenade water buffalo, which ere the most important tools used by farmers which their entire lives revolved around; the the rocketing of apartment complexes to get a sniper or two, in the process losing the support of hundreds of Vietnamese who lived in those complexes. She also admonished the Strategic Hamlet Program, saying that removing locals from their sacred, ancestral ground was a terrible sin to commit in the culture of the Vietnamese. She herself exclaimed, I started developing antagonism toward the American military (217); I went through an irrational hatred of khaki (military) green†¦of anything military (224). If the actions of the American military could evoke the hatred of a fellow American, imagine the effects upon the Vietnamese! The insight of these women, especially of Ms. Collingwood, are quite fascinating. .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895 , .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895 .postImageUrl , .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895 , .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895:hover , .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895:visited , .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895:active { border:0!important; } .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895:active , .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895 .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u92fc12dfdc26f092e997013aff71f895:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Drugs Affect The Economy EssayIt is really interesting to consider that the effects upon, and insight of the women as a result of the Vietnam War might be greater than those of the men. Though the men did the dying, the situations women were placed in were truly more emotionally taxing than the majority of males. Nurses only saw the bad, only the bodies of dozens of wounded and dying soldiers per day. They were surrounded by death without exception each and every day. There can be little doubt that the minds of nurses, especially in the concept of the value of human life, were dulled even more than the minds of the soldiers toting guns. In addition, women also had to s uffer through he same rough reception as men upon their return to the United States. Women also had many unique ideas spawning from unique experiences of women like MS. Collingwood which can be analyzed and learned from. Women definitely played a very important role in Vietnam, and it’s really amazing how these other veterans could so easily be overlooked by the American people.